MICROECONOMICS - TEST ONE Essays - Market, Consumer Theory

MICROECONOMICS - TEST ONE NAME __________________________________ Forty-four multiple choice questions, each worth 2 points; and two short-answer questions, each worth 6 points. For each question, circle the best answer. 1.The study of economics is primarily concerned with: A)keeping private businesses from losing money. B)keeping economics professors from starving to death. C)choices that are made in seeking to use scarce resources efficiently. D)determining the most equitable (fair) distribution of the government's money. 2.Even though the Orlando Sentinel is inexpensive, people rarely buy more than one of them each day. This fact: A)is an example of irrational behavior. B)implies that reading should be taught through phonics rather than the whole language method. C)contradicts the economic perspective. D)implies that, for most people, the marginal benefit of reading a second newspaper is less than the marginal cost. 3.The basic purpose of the "other things equal" (ceteris paribus) assumption is to: A)allow one to reason about the relationship between price and quantity of X without the intrusion of a change in the price of Z. B)allow one to focus upon micro variables by ignoring macro variables. C)allow one to focus upon macro variables by ignoring micro variables. D)allow one to reason about the relationship between revenues and expenses of a business. 4.Which of the following is a microeconomic statement? A)The real U.S. output increased by 2.5 percent last year. B)Unemployment was 6.8 percent of the U.S. labor force last year. C)The price of personal computers declined last year. D)The general price level (inflation) increased by 4 percent last year. 5.The problems of aggregate (at the national level) inflation and unemployment are: A)major topics of macroeconomics. B)not relevant to the U.S. economy. C)major topics of microeconomics. D)peculiar to socialistic economies. 6."If you leave a football game at the end of the third quarter, you will avoid traffic and get home more quickly. Therefore, everyone should leave the game early." This illustrates the: A)"sore loser syndrome" (loser doesn't want to see the end of the game when his team is losing.) B)adverse selection problem. C)fallacy of division. D)fallacy of composition. 7.If we say that two variables are inversely related, this means that: A)the two graph as an upsloping line. B)an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other. C)an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other. D)the resulting relationship can be portrayed by a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis. Use the following to answer question 8: 8.Answer on the basis of the relationships shown in the above four figures. The amount of Y is inversely related to the amount of X in: A)2 only. B) both 1 and 3.C) 3 only.D) 1 only. 9.The fundamental problem of economics is: A)to establish a democratic political framework for the smooth operation of the government. B)the establishment of prices that reflect the relative scarcities of products and resources. C)dealing with the scarcity of productive resources relative to an unlimited number of economic wants. D)What do I do to get out of poverty? 10.Which of the following is real capital (as we define it in economics)? A)a pair of stockings B) a construction craneC) a savings accountD) a share of IBM stock 11.Economics can best be defined as the study of: A)how to profitably invest one's income in stocks and bonds. B)how to use scarce productive resources efficiently. C)how government policies affect businesses and labor. D)managing business enterprises for profit. 12.A production possibilities curve shows: A)that resources are unlimited. B)that people prefer one of the goods more than the other. C)the maximum amounts of two goods that can be produced assuming the full and efficient use of available resources. D)combinations of labor only necessary to produce specific levels of output. 13.Opportunity cost is best defined as: A)the monetary price of any productive resource. B)the amount of labor that must be used to produce one unit of any product. C)the ratio of the prices of imported goods to the prices of exported goods. D)the amount of one product that must be given up to produce one more unit of another product. 14."Allocative efficiency" refers to: A)the use of the least-cost method of production. B)the production of the product-mix most wanted by society. C)the full employment of all available resources. D)production at some point inside

Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Example

Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Example Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Human beings are complex to research on and understand in their entirety. Children derive much of their knowledge from the input of others. Conceptual change entails the varying nature of relationships and concepts in the life of an individual. It put into perspective the aspects associated with getting information, associating with others and how ones adjust in each stage in life. From an analytical perspective, it makes more sense to comprehend conceptual change through gradual changes of an innate knowledge base rather than radical shifts. From their study on several spontaneous-response activities among infants, Onishi, Scott, and Baillargeon (2010) explain that when infant are two years old, they are able to subject false views regarding identity, location and false viewpoints. This ability is robust and can be demonstrated with various belief-inducing situations, with human and non-human agents and different spontaneous-response tasks. Additionally, infants can recognize that agents can hold false beliefs on the location of objects because of the misleading contextual or perceptual cues that cause an agent to inaccurately infer its likely location.; : Subsequently, understanding advanced, scientific concepts in various disciplines requires students to not only rely on simple memorization of facts but learn how to restructure their intuitive, naive theories based on their lay culture and everyday experience. They should undergo profound conceptual change, which is not achievable in the absence of systematic instructions, with both constructivist and sociocultural factors. There has been a dispute between empiricism and rationalism, which concerns the extent that people are dependent upon sense experience in their effort to gain knowledge. Rationalists argues that there are momentous ways that people gain concepts and knowledge independently from the sense experience (Onishi, ; Baillargeon, 2005). On the other hand, empiricists argue that sense experience is a definitive source of all the concepts and knowledge that are possessed by people. From their study on whether infants who are fifteen months old can attest to false beliefs, Onishi and Baillargeon (2005) explains that infants have the ability to appeal to their mental conditions such that they are able to explain the behavior of others. Contemporary psychology is undergoing rapid and far-reaching changes. The conceptual change approach in learning and development is a constructivist approach that relies on various fundamental assumptions, as the way knowledge is acquired in domain-specific theory. Coaching is an effective way of transformational change for the individuals and organizations. Engaging a coach offers a pathway for accelerated professional and personal development. Adopting a coaching mindset approach usually has a profound effect on the productivity and working culture of an organization. Rationalists commonly develop their view in the following ways; firstly, they may argue that in some cases, the content peoples knowledge or of our concepts outstrips the information that can be provided by sense experience. Secondly, they hypothesize accounts of how additional information about the world can be retrieved. Conversely, empiricists provide complementary lines of thought. Firstly, they show how experience provides information that is cited by rationalists, as it is in the first place (Croft, ; Cruse, 2004). Croft and Cruse (2004) provide an analysis of language being controlled by cognitive principles and hence putting into perspective the issue of sense and knowledge.;At times, empiricists opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism. Secondly, empiricists oppose rationalists reasoning that reason is a source of knowledge or concepts. In conclusion, there is a divide in educational research, with the cognitive theorists focusing on inter-mental, individual, cognitive mechanisms instead of inter-mental, social mechanisms. From a personal perspective, instructions are intended to guide children move from their actual knowledge, up to their potential knowledge that refers to the knowledge that students and teachers co-construct in learning. The distance from the actual knowledge up to the potential knowledge is referred to as the zone of proximal development. The disagreement between empiricists and rationalists about the source of individuals ideas leads to their content and subsequently the content of peoples descriptions and knowledge of the world. Also, from a personal perspective, like philosophical debates, empiricist and the rationalist debate ultimately concerns peoples position and views in the world, hence, in this case, people are rational inquirers. Works cited Baillargeon, R., Scott, R. M., He, Z. (2010). False-belief understanding in infants. Trends in cognitive sciences, 14(3), 110-118 Croft, W. A. Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Onishi, K. H. Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-ild infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255-258 Vosniadou, Stella, Xenia Vamvakoussi, and Irini Skopeliti. The framework theory approach to the problem of conceptual change.International handbook of research on conceptual change(2008): 3-34.

4 page paper on James Joyce's Ulysses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4 page paper on James Joyce's Ulysses - Essay Example rs at a particular time of day while others seem to be showcasing Joyce’s repertoire of voices – some journalistic, some featuring high drama, some in the modern stream of consciousness and some even in the form of questionnaires. It’s roughly divided into three segments. The first segment is about Stephen Dedalus, which reveals his perspective on life. The second and longest section is about Bloom, following him as he moves through his day. The third section is all about tying the three main characters together. It can be argued that there is a fourth section in the final chapter which focuses on Molly. The protagonist of the story is considered to be Leopold Bloom. He works as an advertising canvasser and he’s 38 years old. He’s married to a woman named Molly who he knows is cheating on him and he spends his day socializing in a detached sort of way. Although he really likes to think and talk about science and the new inventions that are being thought up, his biggest concern in life is the separation he feels between himself and Molly. He’s generally a good guy and has the unusual ability to see things from another person’s perspective. The main antagonist of the book seems to be a personified Death. Bloom is struggling against the idea of death in the immediate present with the funeral of Paddy Dignam, in the recent past when his father commited suicide and in the more distant past when his infant son died, placing a gap between himself and his wife that now has her sleeping around with other men. Bloom is realizing that his family line will die out with him and is feeling himself very mortal. While there are many other minor antagonists in the story, Death seems to be the major cause of Bloom’s disquiet and the reason for his suffering. The story takes place throughout the day on June 16, 1904. Like the chapters themselves, the setting jumps around a lot, starting in the morning with Stephen Dedalus as he moves from his apartment